Tutor profile: Robert M.

Article I of the Constitution delegates the ability to declare war to the Congress, but Article II gives control of the military to the Commander-in-Chief. The United States has not formally declared war since 1941. Under what legislation and authorization has the United States conducted post-9/11 military actions?

Post-9/11 actions have been conducted through Authorizations for the Use of Military Force passed by the Congress in 2001 and 2002 as prescribed by the War Powers Resolution of 1973.

The Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 (amended in 1956 and 1981) prohibit the use of Federal forces to enforce civil law. What are the statutory exemptions to the restrictions established by the Posse Comitatus Act?

Troops are prevented from enforcing civil law unless they are National Guard troops activated under Title 32 authorities orthey are expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress, or the President invokes the Insurrection Act of 1807 in accordance with 10 USC 251-255.

What do members of the international relations community who adhere to realism focus on to guide and shape their studies?

The followers of realism believe that a sovereign state is focused on increasing their own power and standing in order to thrive. They believe that a state should have their own self-preservation as their top goal and should focus all their social, economic, and political means towards that goal.