Tutor profile: Katarina M.

What type of vitamins are more easily absorbed by your blood stream? Please list the vitamins that belong to this group.

Fat-soluble vitamins do not dissolve in water and are present in foods that contain fats. Therefore, the body absorbs and transports these vitamins in a similar way as it does with fats. Fat-soluble vitamins include: vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Whenever you receive a text message from your best friend your phone plays the beginning of your favorite song and you double tap the front screen to see what you missed. By the logic of classical conditioning, in this scenario, what is the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response?

Classical conditioning is an unconscious learning that occurs when an originally neutral stimulus evokes automatic conditioned behavior. In this example, we observe that once you hear your favorite song you immediately double tap the front screen. Therefore, the conditioned stimulus is the song and the conditioned response double tapping the front screen to see what you missed from your best friend.

What is the purpose of the electrochemical gradient in the electron transport chain?

The electrochemical gradient formed by the protein complexes via redox reactions allows protons to move from the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase. Therefore, the accumulation of H+ protons on one side creates potential energy which drives them through ATP synthase's turbine and in turn allows phosphorylation of ADP to occur and form ATP.