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# Tutor profile: John O.

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John O.
Data Scientist at IBM with 3+ years in data science. Proficient in Python, R and SQL. Master's in Informatics from Northeastern University
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## Questions

### Subject:Python Programming

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Question:

What is a decorator?

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John O.

A decorator is a design pattern that adds or modifies the functionality of an object without altering its structure. They are very useful when you need to add new capacities to an object. For example for logging, unit tests, checking conditions, etc.

### Subject:Machine Learning

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Question:

What are the similarities and differences between a Ridge Regression and Lasso?

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John O.

Both Ridge and Lasso Regression regularize the coefficients by penalizing those with high values. This reduces their variability and mitigates the error due to multicollinearity (correlation among independent variables). The main difference lies in the type of regularization used. A linear model with L1 Regularization is a Lasso model whereas a linear regression with L2 regularization is called a Ridge Regression. $$Ridge: \sum_{i=1}^{n} (Y_i - \sum_{j=1}^{p}\beta_iX_{ij}) - \lambda \sum_{j=1}^{p}\beta_j^2$$ $$Lasso: \sum_{i=1}^{n} (Y_i - \sum_{j=1}^{p}\beta_iX_{ij}) - \lambda \sum_{j=1}^{p}|\beta_j|$$ An L1 regularization can force the coefficients to be exactly zero, thus performing feature selection on a linear model. This implies that a LASSO model will tend to be sparse. Ridge regression models will tend to perform better when the true coefficients are roughly the same size.

### Subject:Chemical Engineering

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Question:

What are the advantages of a batch reactor?

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John O.

A batch reactor is one of the most commonly used reactors in the chemical industry due to its simplicity and high conversion rate. The control of the temperature and pressure on a batch reactor is usually easier than continuous flow reactors. It is highly used for small-scale operations or when precise control is required to attain a high-quality product. Another advantage of this type of reactor is its low cost, both in terms of initial investment and maintenance.

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