Tutor profile: Madison H.

List formal powers granted to the President in the Constitution.

Legislative powers include the signing/vetoing of bills, State of the Union, and giving Congress policy recommendations. Executive powers include the appointment of federal judges and executive officers. A judicial power is the granting of presidential pardons. And other powers include the role of chief diplomat (receiving ambassadors and public figures) and commander and chief.

Explain the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan.

Established by Madison, the Virginia Plan aimed to have congressional seats accounted for on the basis of population. On the other hand, Patterson's New Jersey Plan aimed to have equal representation of congressional seats.

Distinguish the difference between centralized and decentralized enforcement in international law.

There are two forms of enforcement in international law: decentralized and centralized. Decentralized enforcement is the most common as it has states take the issue upon themselves either unilaterally or multilaterally by a region. Alternatively, centralized enforcement is the less common option in which states involve the UN for enforcement. Centralized enforcement can be targeted against states, state institutions, non-state entities such as, corporations or terrorist organizations, and individuals on a public or private basis.